LIFECYCLE OF A GIS (PLANNING GIS)

 
  Successful implementation of GIS requires planning the project before its actual implementation. Planning leads to a 
  better structured and organized system.

 



   
  Phase 1-Planning
  A planning process is the first stage in the life cycle. This phase involves a systematic review of users, their data, and their 
  information needs. Decision makers are told about the costs and benefits of GIS and to include potential users in the 
  planning process so that they receive an overview of the technology. 
 
  Phase 2-System Design 
  The design phase matches user needs to GIS functionality. Design includes not only selection of hardware and software, but
  also the design of the GIS spatial and attribute database. A Relational database is generally used for the GIS. The 
  Database design will include specifications for scale, projection, and coordinate systems. Data is be tracked using a
  "Data Dictionary." During the design phase an incremental plan is often used for implementation of the technology. Incremental
  implementation means that users will build a GIS piece-by-piece. In some cases a ‘Prototype’ is developed so that refinements 
  can be made before finalizing the fully implemented system. 
 
  Phase 3-Implementation 
  During the implementation phase, attention to all user needs must be provided through training and education. Hands-on users 
  must be trained to utilize and maintain the system and the database. All types of users should be made cognizant of how the
  GIS will affect them and their data processing tasks. They must also be made aware of the changes that GIS will introduce 
  in the area of information generation and decision making.

 
  Phase 4-Maintenance 
  Finally, a GIS application must be maintained and kept current in terms of data and user support. In some cases, a GIS is 
  designed to meet the needs of a specific, finite project. In other instances, GIS is used to support an on-going mission or 
  program. In the former case, the GIS application will terminate once the project is completed and maintenance will probably 
  not be an issue. However, even if the initial GIS application is no longer being utilized, the data generated for the initial 
  project may be useful to other projects or users. In those instances, a current data dictionary will be vital for determining the 
  utility of the existing digital data for other uses. 

  In the case of an on-going GIS effort the system must be kept up-to-date in order to fulfill its design goals. Maintenance includes
  updating hardware and software, adding new data and updating existing data records, and keeping users current in terms of 
  system functionality

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